Flashback to Fun: What Activities Were Popular In The 1980s?

In the United States, the 1980s was an era of vibrant colors, expressive fashion, and groundbreaking technology, it was also a golden age of entertainment and leisure activities.

This decade we have witnessed a remarkable fusion of traditional pastimes with the innovative technologies of the time. Video games skyrocketed in popularity with the introduction of gaming consoles, turning digital play into a mainstream hobby.

Music lovers flocked to record stores, driven by the revolutionary sounds of pop, rock, and hip-hop artists. Aerobics and jogging emerged as fitness trends, embodying the decade’s health-conscious ethos. The fascination with blockbuster movies and TV shows fueled gatherings on television sets and cinema trips.

Socializing saw a shift, too, with shopping malls becoming popular hangout spots for youngsters.

This exploration into popular 1980s activities provides a window into a transformative era that shaped our entertainment landscape, merging the charm of simplicity with the thrill of novelty.

Key Takeaways

• Pop culture in the 1980s was defined by video games, arcade games, home gaming consoles, aerobics, workout videos, breakdancing, hip-hop culture, skateboarding, puzzle games, portable music, MTV, teen movies, roller skating, toy collecting, and action figures.
• Board games such as Trivial Pursuit, Scotland Yard, Axis & Allies, Balderdash, and Risk gained immense popularity and became a household staple, leading to family game nights and friendly competition.
• Outdoor recreation activities like paintball games, hiking, backpacking, exploring national parks, mountains, and forests, mountain biking, off-road biking, and whitewater rafting became popular, inspiring people to pursue freedom.
• The 1980s saw a surge of creativity and innovation in board game development, leading to affordable entertainment options for various age groups and social gatherings with friends and neighbors centered around board games.

Video Games and the Rise of Arcades

In the ’80s, video games and arcades skyrocketed, becoming a go-to hangout spot for teens who couldn’t get enough of classics like Pac-Man and Space Invaders.

You’d step into the dimly lit arcade, the cacophony of bleeps and bloops washing over you as your eyes adjusted to the neon glow. You’d search for your favorite cabinets, dropping precious quarters into slots with practiced precision. The thrill of chasing high scores and conquering new levels provided an escape from the mundane routines of daily life – a taste of freedom that made you feel alive.

You can’t forget those legendary moments when you’d gather with friends to witness someone attempt to beat a seemingly impossible challenge or set a new record on their favorite game. The camaraderie was electric; everyone had each other’s backs as they cheered each other on while simultaneously competing for bragging rights.

And if you were lucky enough to have access to home gaming consoles like Atari or Nintendo, sleepovers became marathon gaming sessions fueled by pizza rolls and soda pop. The video game wasn’t just entertainment; it shaped friendships, defined your youth, and allowed you to experience pure joy at every pixelated victory.

The Fitness Craze and Aerobics

You’d likely find yourself donning leg warmers and a leotard while participating in the fitness craze of aerobics during the 1980s.

This decade saw an explosion in the popularity of aerobic exercise, with celebrities like Jane Fonda leading the charge. Aerobics became more than just a way to stay fit; it was a social phenomenon that brought people together and offered an escape from everyday life.

Picture yourself in a crowded dance studio, surrounded by friends and strangers, as you work up a sweat. The pulsating beats of synth-heavy pop tunes blaring through boomboxes—a sea of bright neon colors, from spandex leggings to headbands.

Nearly everyone wears the iconic Reebok Freestyle high-top sneakers. Mirrored walls reflect your every move as you follow along with the instructor—the exhilaration of pushing your body to its limits, feeling empowered and free.

As aerobics classes grew in popularity, so did home workout videos. Stars like Jane Fonda released branded VHS tapes filled with routines for people to follow home.

These tapes allowed for more freedom – no need to be tied to a class schedule or feel self-conscious about your dance moves among other gym-goers. At-home workouts provided an opportunity for anyone who desired that sense of liberation within the walls of an aerobics class but craved it on their terms.

Breakdancing and Hip Hop Culture

Bust a move and immerse yourself in the vibrant world of breakdancing and hip-hop culture that took the ’80s by storm! Born on the streets of New York City, this energetic dance style was heavily influenced by African-American and Puerto Rican youths who used their creativity to express themselves through movement.

As you glide across the floor on your back or spin like a top on your head, you’ll feel an electric connection to this groundbreaking era where people defied societal norms and used their bodies as canvases for artistic expression.

The ’80s hip-hop scene wasn’t just about the dancing – it also included graffiti art, DJing, beatboxing, and MCing. If rhymes flowed from your lips like water as you rapped along with Run-DMC or if you found solace in spray painting intricate murals under bridges with other ‘writers,’ then you were living life to its fullest during this period.

In those moments when music filled every corner of your soul and words painted vivid stories in listeners’ minds, true freedom could be felt. 

Skateboarding

Grab your board and ride the wave of skateboarding culture that defined the ’80s as you carve through concrete jungles and defy gravity with jaw-dropping tricks. This was a time when skating wasn’t just an activity but a lifestyle embraced by rebellious spirits seeking freedom from societal norms.

The ’80s saw skateboarding evolve from its surf-inspired beginnings into a global phenomenon, fueled by innovative skateboard designs, boundary-pushing skaters, and iconic brands like Powell Peralta, Santa Cruz, and Vision Street Wear. You can almost feel the excitement in the air as legendary skaters like Tony Hawk, Rodney Mullen, and Steve Caballero pushed the limits of what could be done on four wheels.

In this decade of expression through motion, vert ramps became towering structures where fearless skaters soared to new heights with aerial acrobatics that left spectators breathless. Meanwhile, street skating paved the way for creative exploration in urban environments as you deftly navigated curbs, stairs, and rails – turning ordinary obstacles into opportunities for artistic expression.

Skate videos like ‘The Bones Brigade Video Show’ and ‘Future Primitive’ captured these awe-inspiring moments on tape for all to witness and be inspired by. Amidst all this radical innovation emerged a sense of camaraderie that transcended competition – because, at its core, skateboarding was about breaking free from convention and embracing a path less traveled.

The Rubik’s Cube and Puzzle Games

It’s no secret that the ’80s brought us an explosion of mind-bending puzzle games, with the Rubik’s Cube at the forefront, captivating millions and sparking a global craze.

This iconic 3D twisty puzzle presented endless entertainment as you attempted to align each colored square on its respective side.

You may remember sitting in your bedroom, turning and twisting the colorful cube in frustration, determined to find a solution.

Competitions sprouted up everywhere, and it seemed like everyone had their method for solving this seemingly impossible challenge.

Puzzle games weren’t limited to just the Rubik’s Cube; there was also the lesser-known but equally addictive Pyraminx, a tetrahedron-shaped puzzle inspired by its cubic cousin.

And who could forget those infuriating sliding tile puzzles that taunted you with their simplicity?

The ’80s were filled with opportunities to test your mental prowess and immerse yourself in these captivating challenges.

As you solved each one (or threw them across the room), these puzzles provided an escape from reality – a chance for freedom from everyday life – if only for a brief moment.

The Walkman and Portable Music

You can’t discuss the ’80s without mentioning the revolutionary Walkman, which brought portable music to our fingertips and transformed how we consumed tunes. Gone were the days of lugging around bulky boomboxes or being tethered to your home stereo system – with a Walkman, you could finally take your favorite mixtape on the go!

The sleek design and lightweight construction made it easy for anyone to enjoy their soundtrack during any activity. Whether you were roller-skating down Venice Beach, cruising in your Trans Am, or hitting up an aerobics class at the gym, life suddenly had a new rhythm.

• The freedom to listen anywhere: Imagine taking a long walk through Central Park with your favorite album playing as you stroll.
• Personalized playlists: Creating mixtapes for yourself or someone special was a personal form of self-expression.
• A fashion statement: With various styles and colors available, your Walkman became an extension of your personality.

The ’80s were all about pushing boundaries and embracing individuality. The Walkman allowed us to experience music like never before – outdoors, alone with our thoughts, or shared with friends through dual headphone jacks. It wasn’t just about listening; it was about living out loud and creating memories tied to songs that transported us back whenever we pressed play.

Today’s smartphones might offer even more convenience for portable music, but there will always be something magical about popping in a cassette tape and reliving those moments from decades past.

MTV and the Music Video Revolution

I can’t talk about the ’80s without mentioning MTV and the music video revolution that completely changed how we experienced our favorite songs! Launched in 1981, MTV (Music Television) was a groundbreaking cable channel that played nothing but music videos 24/7.

This innovative concept didn’t take long to skyrocket in popularity, shaping the music industry, fashion, and youth culture.

Bands and artists who embraced the medium saw their careers soar to new heights (think Madonna, Bon Jovi, Duran Duran, Michael Jackson, and Prince), while those who didn’t adapt were left behind.

MTV’s influence was so powerful that it gave birth to iconic moments still remembered today: Michael Jackson’s “Thriller, “Madonna’s “Like a Virgin,” or A-ha’s “Take on Me.”The visual storytelling of these videos added a whole new layer of meaning and depth to the songs themselves. Just take a look at some memorable examples:

Artist	Song
Michael Jackson	Thriller
Madonna	Like a Virgin
A-ha	Take on Me
Duran Duran	Hungry Like the Wolf

That sense of freedom you feel when watching these revolutionary music videos is extraordinary – it evokes an era where creativity knew no bounds. 

The Brat Pack and Teen Movies

Don’t forget about the Brat Pack and the surge of teen movies that defined a generation in the ’80s! This iconic group of young actors, including Emilio Estevez, Molly Ringwald, Rob Lowe, and Demi Moore, starred in coming-of-age films that captured the essence of teenage life during this decade.

Movies like ‘The Breakfast Club,’ ‘St. Elmo’s Fire,’ and ‘Pretty in Pink’ explored themes such as social cliques, parental pressure, love triangles, and self-discovery. These flicks entertained and resonated with audiences who yearned for freedom from societal constraints.

As you reminisce about this era of cinema magic, picture yourself hanging out after school at Ridgemont High or on a wild adventure with Ferris Bueller.

The ’80s gave us unforgettable relatable characters yet larger than life: misfits standing up to bullies in ‘The Karate Kid,’ heroes rising above their circumstances in ‘Footloose,’ and unlikely romances blossoming in ‘Say Anything.’

These stories let us escape into a world where anything was possible – even solving crimes at your high school reunion à la Romy and Michele!

So kick back with some popcorn and immerse yourself in these classic tales of rebellion, friendship, and finding your path to freedom.

Roller Skating and Roller Discos

In the ’80s, roller skating and roller discos became a craze that allowed people to let loose, socialize, and express themselves through dance and movement. The decade saw an explosion of roller rinks opening up across the country, often featuring disco balls, neon lights, and pumping music from bands like Duran Duran or Michael Jackson.

You’d don your favorite leg warmers or high-waisted jeans with a bright-colored tee before heading out to glide around the rink with friends or impress someone special with your fancy footwork.

To truly immerse yourself in the vibrant world of ’80s roller discos, here are some aspects you should know:

The skates: Typically quad-style (four wheels), these colorful footwear pieces were often adorned with pom-poms or custom designs.

Roller fashion: From leggings to off-the-shoulder sweatshirts à la Flashdance, dressing up for a night at the roller disco was half the fun.

Dance moves: The Moonwalk wasn’t just for Michael Jackson – mastering this iconic move on skates took serious skill!

Snack bar treats: Nothing beats taking a break from skating to enjoy nachos loaded with cheese sauce or icy slushies in vibrant hues.

Couples Skate: A chance for romance on wheels as couples held hands while navigating the rink.

As you reminisce about those carefree nights spent laughing and skating under twinkling lights, remember that spirit of freedom that was so much a part of every whirl around the rink. Roller discos provided an escape from everyday life—an opportunity to glide into another world where self-expression reigned supreme.

Trivial Pursuit and Board Games

In the ’80s, family game nights were all the rage, and Trivial Pursuit became a staple of household.

You remember gathering around the table with your loved ones, eager to show off your knowledge of obscure facts as you navigated new board games that challenged your wits and strategy.

Those days were when creativity blossomed in the gaming world, bringing families closer than ever with each roll of the dice or draw of a card.

The growth of family game nights

Family game nights truly blossomed during the ’80s, as households gathered around classics like Monopoly, Scrabble, and Trivial Pursuit for some good old fashioned fun. Parents and children bonded over these friendly competitions and shared laughter-filled evenings that built lifelong memories. These cherished moments were fueled by the excitement of rolling dice, answering questions correctly, or forming the perfect word on a Scrabble board.

With limited distractions from technology compared to today’s world, families found solace in each other’s company while engaging in these captivating games. The growth of family game nights during this time can be attributed to several factors that brought families closer together:

• The increasing popularity of board games due to creative marketing campaigns and their ability to cater to various age groups
• A desire for quality family time in an era when work-life balance was becoming more important
• The accessibility and affordability of board games as versatile entertainment options for families on a budget
• Social gatherings with friends and neighbors centered around friendly competition through board games

These reasons made it easy for you to escape from the pressures of everyday life while enjoying light-hearted entertainment with those closest to you. Family game nights in the ’80s allowed you to experience freedom – freedom from worries about school or work deadlines, freedom from being glued to the television screens or computers, and freedom simply existing within shared laughter and camaraderie between loved ones.

The development of new board games

As you reminisce about those special family game nights of the 1980s, it’s impossible not to acknowledge the incredible boom in board game development that occurred during this time.

The decade saw a surge of creativity and innovation as designers built on the successes of established classics. It introduced us to new ways of engaging with our friends and loved ones around a table.

In the ’80s, games like Trivial Pursuit captured our imaginations and tested our knowledge of every subject. Meanwhile, games like Pictionary had us doodling frantically as we tried to communicate complex ideas through hastily drawn images.

Other iconic titles such as Scotland Yard, Axis & Allies, Balderdash, and Risk took strategy to new heights while fostering camaraderie and spirited competition.

As these exciting new games filled store shelves, they served as an irresistible invitation for families everywhere to gather together and indulge in the simple pleasure of shared experience – a chance for all generations to reconnect in pursuit of fun-filled freedom from life’s daily stresses.

Cabbage Patch Kids and Toy Collecting

If you were old enough in the 80s, you probably remember the craze for Cabbage Patch Kids and toy collecting that swept the nation, defining a generation’s childhood memories.

These pudgy-faced dolls with unique names and birth certificates became an instant hit, as children everywhere clamored to ‘adopt’ their very own Cabbage Patch Kid.

With each doll having its distinctive look, personality, and accessories, it was easy to get caught up in the excitement of searching for that perfect addition to your collection or trading with friends.

The thrill of finding a rare or coveted doll fueled this obsession, sparking massive demand that often led to sold-out stores and long lines to snag one.

Toy collecting wasn’t limited to these irresistible dolls; action figures like G.I. Joe, Transformers, and He-Man also captured the hearts and imaginations of kids across America.

This was an era where you could lose yourself in epic battles between good and evil while embracing the freedom of limitless creativity through playtime scenarios.

The seemingly endless possibilities offered by these toys allowed you to create your worlds with your favorite characters at your fingertips – a liberating escape from reality, if only for a little while.

As much as today’s technology has advanced our lives in many ways, there remains something undeniably special about those simpler times when we relied on our imagination rather than screens for entertainment.

The Boombox and Street Music

In the ’80s, the boombox became a symbol of street music culture, blasting tunes and bringing people together through shared rhythms and beats. You’d see them everywhere – on street corners, at parks, outside basketball courts – with their massive speakers and flashy designs.

The boombox was a statement piece that showcased your style as much as it did your love for music. With its powerful sound, you could introduce others to your favorite tracks or express yourself through breakdancing and freestyle rapping.

This era saw an explosion in hip-hop culture, with artists like Run-DMC and LL Cool J inspiring a generation to embrace the raw power of words over beats.

You remember how good it felt to carry around one of these behemoths on your shoulder: the weight reminding you that you were part of something bigger than yourself, an unspoken connection between everyone who loved this new self-expression.

From cassettes to mixtapes, creating custom playlists was an art form – swapping tapes with friends or discovering new music by chance when someone left their collection unguarded at a party.

In many ways, the boombox allowed for freedom beyond just the volume dial; it allowed people to explore new genres, experiment with their creativity, and ultimately pave the way for future generations to find their voice in music.

The VCR and Home Movie Rentals

As you jammed to your favorite tunes on your boombox, another technological marvel was transforming home entertainment in the ’80s – the VCR and home movie rentals. The ability to watch movies at your leisure without leaving your couch opened up a whole new world of freedom for film enthusiasts.

Let’s rewind and take a trip down memory lane, where weekends were spent browsing aisles of VHS tapes at Blockbuster or your local video rental store. The thrill of entering that dimly lit store, walls lined with endless rows of colorful movie covers waiting to be picked up, read, and taken home, was unparalleled.

You’d spend valuable time choosing just the right flicks for an epic movie night with friends or family. Hours would fly by as you watched classics like E.T., Back to the Future, and The Goonies repeatedly until it was time to ‘be kind’ and rewind before returning them to their rightful place on the shelves.

This newfound freedom in choosing what movies you wanted to watch whenever you desired made staying in just as exciting as going out during those unforgettable days of the ’80s.

The Cosby Show: A Milestone in the 1980s Popular Culture

The 1980s were a pivotal decade for television, with sitcoms taking center stage in shaping popular culture. Among these, “The Cosby Show” emerged as a cultural phenomenon that resonated with audiences in New York City, where it was based, and across the nation. Debuting in 1984, the show was notable for portraying a middle-class African American family, providing a fresh perspective on African American life largely absent from mainstream media.

The show navigated everyday familial issues with warmth, humor, and honesty, earning an endearing place in the hearts of millions. It challenged stereotypes, presenting the African American experience not as a monolith but as richly diverse and complex.

Moreover, “The Cosby Show” was instrumental in altering perceptions about African American families and culture. It offered a refreshing narrative that showcased a successful, educated African American family, reinforcing the universality of familial experiences and struggles, irrespective of race. The show’s influence extended beyond the small screen, permeating popular culture and prompting necessary conversations around racial representation and diversity in media.

With its vibrant multicultural backdrop, New York City was more than just a setting; it became a character in its own right, reflecting its diversity and dynamism.

Through its eight-season run, “The Cosby Show” left an indelible imprint on 1980s popular culture, setting a precedent for future shows centered on African American families and experiences.

Despite the controversies that would later envelop Bill Cosby, its pioneering role in broadening television’s narrative scope and enhancing the representation of African American life during the 1980s underscored its legacy.

Mall Culture and Shopping as an Activity

Mall culture wasn’t just about shopping during the ’80s; it was a social experience that brought people together, fostering connections and creating lasting memories. The mall was the place for teenagers, families, and friends who wanted to spend their free time exploring the latest trends, catching up with each other, and simply enjoying an afternoon in a vibrant environment.

You are walking through the bustling corridors lined with brightly lit stores filled with neon clothing and pop music playing in the background, hanging out at your favorite arcade, competing with friends over games of Pac-Man or Donkey Kong while sipping on a refreshing soda from Orange Julius, and sharing laughter while trying on different outfits at Contempo Casuals or Chess King before deciding which new outfit you’d wear to school next week.

You are finding refuge in the food court where you could feast on classics like Sbarro’s pizza and Cinnabon cinnamon rolls or satisfy your sweet tooth at Mrs. Fields’ Cookies and spend hours flipping through records at Sam Goody or Tower Records searching for that perfect album to add to your collection.

These experiences allowed us to escape from everyday life and indulge in personal freedom within these commercial havens. Today’s malls may have evolved into more modern spaces, but nothing can replace those nostalgic memories of growing up in the 1980s – when everything seemed brighter and more carefree than ever before.

Paintball and Adventure Sports

Ah, remember the thrill of the 1980s when organized paintball games burst onto the scene? You and your friends would gear up for an adrenaline-pumping adventure as you engaged in colorful combat.

Paintball’s rise transformed outdoor recreational activities, giving you a unique way to bond with others while enjoying nature.

The rise of organized paintball games

In the 1980s, organized paintball games gained immense popularity, providing adrenaline-pumping entertainment for thrill-seekers and outdoor enthusiasts.

You remember those weekends spent with friends, gearing up in camouflage outfits and protective masks, ready to engage in epic paintball battles that would last for hours.

The excitement of working together as a team, strategizing, and hunting down your opponents with brightly colored paint pellets was an experience to remember.

These weekend adventures were more than just a game; they represented an escape from daily routines and responsibilities – a chance to feel alive and free.

The rise of organized paintball games during this time captured the spirit of adventure and fostered camaraderie among players.

Forming teams based on diverse backgrounds, ages, and skill levels helped bridge gaps between people who might not have otherwise connected.

Paintball fields sprouted up across the country as businesses recognized the growing demand for this exciting activity – complete with obstacles like bunkers or forts that added an extra layer of strategy to each match.

The 1980s marked a golden era for paintball enthusiasts seeking freedom from their mundane lives through exhilarating outdoor activities full of challenge and excitement.

The impact on outdoor recreational activities

As you reminisce about the adrenaline rush from those organized paintball games, it’s hard not to think about the 1980s’ impact on outdoor recreational activities. This was when people embraced exploration and adventure, seeking new ways to break free from their routine lives and experience the world around them. The ’80s played a significant role in shaping how we perceive and participate in outdoor recreation today.

During this nostalgic era, several outdoor recreational activities gained immense popularity, providing people with an escape from their daily grind while fostering a sense of freedom and excitement:

Hiking and backpacking:

• Venturing into nature for days at a time
• Exploring national parks, forests, and mountains
• Developing self-reliance skills through the navigation and meal preparation

Mountain biking:

• Discovering off-road trails on two wheels
• Challenging oneself physically with demanding terrain
• Experiencing unparalleled camaraderie among fellow riders

Whitewater rafting:

• Embarking on thrilling journeys down raging rivers
• Learning valuable teamwork skills as each person must work together to navigate rapids safely
• Creating unforgettable memories amidst breathtaking natural scenery

Super Bowl Mania

The 1980s marked an exciting era for American football, with the Super Bowl at its epicenter. This decade transformed the Super Bowl from a mere championship game into an elaborate spectacle and a cultural phenomenon.

The decade began with Super Bowl XIV, with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Los Angeles Rams in a thrilling contest. The Steelers’ victory would mark the end of their domination in the ’70s and the beginning of a dynamic and unpredictable decade of football. The 1980s saw the rise of several teams and key players, with the San Francisco 49ers and Washington Redskins becoming prominent teams, each clinching multiple Super Bowl titles.

The 1980s also ushered in the age of big-ticket commercials during the Super Bowl. Corporations began to recognize the enormous viewership of the Super Bowl and invested heavily in creating memorable commercials. In 1984, Apple Inc. broadcasted its iconic “1984” advertisement, directed by Ridley Scott, hailed as a game-changer in the advertising industry. The success of this ad led to the phenomenon of “eventing” commercials during the Super Bowl, contributing to the current cultural expectation of innovative, humorous, and high-production-value ads.

The halftime shows of the 1980s Super Bowls also evolved from marching bands to include celebrity performances. By the decade’s end, Super Bowl XXIII welcomed pop icon Michael Jackson to the stage, significantly raising the bar for future halftime shows and solidifying the Super Bowl’s status as a cultural event transcending sports.

Moreover, the Super Bowl of the 1980s became a unifying event, with millions of viewers gathering around their television sets to cheer on their favorite teams, laugh at inventive commercials, and watch spectacular halftime shows. The Super Bowl had transformed into a shared experience that resonated across American society, genuinely encapsulating the excitement and spirit of the 1980s.

How the 80s Shaped America’s Vibrant Tapestry

As we reflect on the 1980s, it’s evident that the activities that marked this era were not merely pastimes but instrumental in shaping the fabric of American history and society.

The popular activities in this decade – from physical fitness to gaming, music to fashion, social activism to technological innovation – reflected and influenced significant societal shifts that resonate today.

Aerobics, roller-skating, and jogging are emblematic of the 1980s’ emphasis on health and fitness. They inspired a nationwide focus on well-being that permeates current public health initiatives. In contrast, the popularity of video and arcade games foreshadowed the rise of the digital age, with technology now central to our daily lives.

The 1980s was also a golden age for music, with the birth of MTV and the advent of new genres like hip-hop and new wave. This era’s music culture catalyzed social conversations and movements, serving as a powerful tool for expression and protest. The decade’s fashion trends, characterized by neon colors and bold designs, echoed a broader ethos of individuality and self-expression that continues to influence current fashion.

Activism, another critical activity of the 1980s, ushered in significant social and political change. The decade was marked by movements advocating for LGBTQ+ rights, environmental sustainability, and racial equality. These activities shaped societal attitudes and led to legislation and policies that have profoundly impacted American life.

In conclusion, the 1980s were reflections of the period’s zeitgeist, influencing and being influenced by the time’s political, social, and cultural shifts. As such, they contributed significantly to shaping American history, leaving a legacy that reverberates in our contemporary world. The 1980s, in all its neon-tinted glory, remains a transformative chapter in America’s story.

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